Star Ground in PC Board Reverse Engineering The Star Ground in PC Board Reverse Engineering philosophy builds on the theory that there is one single ground point in a circuit to which all voltages are referred. This is known as the star ground point. It can be better understood by a visual analogy—the multiple conductors…
Signal Processing in Circuit Board Cloning Today’s signal processing in Circuit board cloning system generally require mixed-signal devices such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) as well as fast digital signal processors (DSPs). Requirements for processing analog signals having wide dynamic ranges increase the importance of high performance ADCs and DACs. …
Successful Grounding in PCB Card Reverse Engineering In below article we discuss PCB grounding. This is undoubtedly one of the most difficult subjects in PCB Card reverse engineering. While the basic concepts are relatively simple, implementation is very involved. For linear systems the ground is the reference against which we base our signal. Unfortunately, it…